Síndrome de pinzamiento isquiofemoral: a propósito de una serie de 5 casos / Ischiofemoral impingement syndrome: A five-case series report

El dolor glúteo es un motivo frecuente de consulta médica en la práctica clínica diaria. Las causas son muy variadas, pudiendo encontrar entre aquellas que forman parte de su diagnóstico diferencial el síndrome de pinzamiento isquiofemoral. Este, incluido actualmente dentro de los síndromes de glúteo profundo, es consecuencia del atrapamiento de las estructuras neuromusculares englobadas entre el trocánter menor y la tuberosidad isquiática, lo que ocasiona un cuadro de dolor en la raíz del miembro inferior, con irradiación hacia el muslo o hacia la región glútea, y mala tolerancia a la deambulación y a la sedestación. La prueba diagnóstica fundamental es la resonancia magnética de cadera, y su manejo suele ser médico inicialmente. A pesar de no ser una entidad frecuente en las consultas de reumatología, tener esta patología en mente ayuda a mejorar su pronóstico, al poder ofrecer un tratamiento adecuado y precoz.(AU)

Gluteal pain is a frequent cause of medical attention in the daily clinical practice. It can be caused by multiple pathologies, being ischiofemoral impingement syndrome among those included in its differential diagnosis. Encompassed within the deep gluteal syndromes, this entity occurs as a consequence of the entrapment of the neuromuscular structures between the lesser femoral trochanter and the ischial tuberosity, causing pain in the root of the lower limb, with irradiation towards the thigh or the gluteal region and poor tolerance to deambulation and sedestation. The magnetic resonance imaging of the hip is fundamental for its diagnosis, and its management consists on medical treatment at onset. Despite not being a frequent diagnosis in the clinical practice in rheumatology, keeping it in mind helps improving its prognosis by establishing an early and adequate treatment.(AU)

Definición del dolor / Definition of pain

El presente trabajo aborda los diferentes aspectos implicados en la definición del dolor. Por un lado, explora los antecedentes históricos del término en medicina, así como la visión del dolor como una experiencia adaptativa pero también como un reto terapéutico. Se destaca la definición del dolor de la Asociación Internacional para el Estudio del Dolor - IASP (2020). Finalmente, desde una aproximación biopsicosocial al dolor, se destacan los peligros y las debilidades del modelo biomédico en el abordaje del dolor persistente (crónico).(AU)

El impacto en la calidad de vida, la depresión y el manejo analgésico se asocian al sufrimiento en pacientes con fibromialgia. Un estudio transversal / Impact on quality of life, depression and analgesic use, are associated with suffering in fibromyalgia patients. A cross-sectional study

Introducción: La fibromialgia (FM) es un trastorno complejo que genera impacto en la salud pública. Son escasos los estudios que determinan el sufrimiento en FM, pues el abordaje se enfoca en el dolor. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de sufrimiento en los pacientes con FM y su asociación con el impacto en calidad de vida, malestar emocional, soledad, eventos vitales y aspectos clínicos y sociodemográficos en una institución de salud privada de Medellín (Colombia). Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal, en una institución especializada en manejo de dolor crónico. Se evaluó el grado de sufrimiento (PRISM), nivel de dolor (EVA), impacto de la FM (FIQR), soledad (UCLA), ansiedad y depresión (HADS), eventos vitales estresantes (CSV) y las características sociodemográficas y clínicas. Se planteó un modelo explicativo con una regresión logística. Resultados: El 55,5 % IC95 (50,0-61,1) presentó sufrimiento intenso. Se obtuvo un modelo explicativo, donde el impacto en la calidad de vida, la depresión y la toma de analgésicos fueron los factores más relevantes en el sufrimiento intenso. Discusión: Los pacientes con FM manifiestan un sufrimiento importante que debe ser atendido por el personal de salud. Si bien el dolor es un elemento relevante, existen otros factores a los que debe prestarse atención, como el impacto que causa la enfermedad en la persona y la depresión asociada.(AU)

Introduction: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex disorder with significant impact on public health. Few studies have explored suffering in FM, since its approach focuses on pain management. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of suffering in patients with FM and its association with impact on quality of life, emotional distress, loneliness, vital stress and clinical and sociodemographic factors in a private healthcare institution in Medellín (Colombia). Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in an institution specialized in chronic pain management. The degree of suffering (PRISM), level of pain (EVA), impact of FM (FIQR), loneliness (UCLA), anxiety and depression (HADS), stressful life events (CSV) and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were evaluated. An explanatory model was proposed using logistic regression. Results: 55.5 % IC95 (50,0-61,1) presented intense suffering. An explanatory model was obtained, where impact, depression and analgesic intake were the most relevant factors in intense suffering.Discussion: Patients with FM manifest an important suffering that should be attended by health personnel. Although pain is a relevant element, there are other factors to which attention should be paid, such as the impact of the disease on the person and the associated depression.(AU)

Efectividad de adicionar elongación de la cápsula posterior a un programa de ejercicios en pacientes con síndrome de pinzamiento subacromial: estudio clínico aleatorizado / Effectiveness of adding posterior capsule stretching after an exercise program in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome: a randomized clinical study

Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad clínica de adicionar el ejercicio de elongación de “estiramiento acostado” a un programa de ejercicios específicos en pacientes con síndrome de pinzamiento subacromial (SPSA). Diseño: Estudio clínico aleatorizado ciego simple. Método: Se reclutaron en forma prospectiva 64 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico e imagenológico de SPSA, quienes fueron asignados a dos grupos al azar. El grupo control (n = 32) recibió un programa de ejercicios de 12 semanas, el grupo de intervención (n = 32) recibió el mismo programa más un ejercicio de elongación de la cápsula posterior. Ambos grupos fueron evaluados al inicio y al finalizar el tratamiento. La medida de resultado primaria fue la función del hombro con el cuestionario Constant-Murley, las medidas de resultado secundarias fueron la función de la extremidad superior con el cuestionario DASH y el dolor en reposo y al movimiento con la escala visual analógica (EVA).Resultados: Todos los pacientes completaron el estudio. Al finalizar el tratamiento el cuestionario Constant-Murley mostró una diferencia de 3 puntos (p = 0.864) y el cuestionario DASH una diferencia fue de 2 puntos (p = 0.941), ambas diferencias son a favor del grupo de intervención, pero no son ni clínica ni estadísticamente significativas. Para la EVA en reposo la diferencia fue de 0,2 cm (p = 0,096) y la EVA al movimiento fue de 0,4 cm (p = 0,378), en ambas la diferencia en la reducción del dolor fue mayor en el grupo control. Conclusión: A corto plazo, adicionar el ejercicio de “estiramiento acostado” no proporciona un beneficio clínico ni estadísticamente significativo con respecto a la mejora funcional o la reducción del dolor en pacientes con SPSA.(AU)

Objective: To determine the clinical effectiveness of adding the exercise of “sleep-stretch” to a specific exercise program in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome (SIS). Design: Randomized controlled trial, single-blinded. Methods: Sixty-four patients with clinical and imagenologic diagnosis of SIS were prospectively recruited, who were randomly allocated to two groups. The control group (n = 32) received a 12-week exercise program, and intervention group (n = 32) received the same program plus stretching of the posterior capsule. Both groups were assessed at baseline and at the end of the treatment. The primary outcome measure was shoulder function assessed with Constant-Murley questionnaire. Secondary outcomes measures were upper limb function assessed with the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, and pain at rest and movement with visual analog scale (VAS). Results: All patients completed the trial. At the end of the treatment, Constant-Murley questionnaire showed a difference of 3 points (p = 0.864), and the DASH questionnaire a difference was 2 points (p = 0.941), both differences were in favor of the intervention group, but they are neither clinically or statistically significant. For the VAS at rest the difference was 0.2 cm (p = 0.096) and the VAS at movement was 0.4 cm (p = 0.378), both differences in pain reduction was greater in the control group.Conclusion: In the short term, the addition of a “sleep-stretch” exercise does not provide a clinically or statistically significant benefit with respect to functional improvement or pain reduction in patients with SIS.(AU)

Un caso de neuralgia amiotrófica tras vacunación frente a COVID-19 / A case of neuralgic amyotrophy after vaccination against COVID-19

Introducción: La neuralgia amiotrófica es un trastorno inflamatorio del plexo braquial con una fisiopatología poco conocida, posiblemente relacionada con fenómenos inmunológicos. Se caracteriza por dolor agudo e intenso, acompañado de debilidad muscular y alteración de los resultados en los estudios electromiográficos y de conducción nerviosa. Al no tener un tratamiento específico, se aborda a través de fisioterapia y el control sintomático. Caso clínico: Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 37 años, sin antecedentes relevantes, que desarrolló el cuadro tras ser vacunada contra el SARS-CoV-2. La paciente respondió de forma discreta a la fisioterapia, analgesia convencional y corticosteroides. Después de 10 meses de tratamiento, se tomó la decisión de utilizar radiofrecuencia pulsada y bloqueo eco-guiado del plexo, lo que logró mejores resultados. Un año después de la aparición del dolor, los síntomas de la paciente habían mejorado, aunque no había podido reincorporarse a su actividad profesional previa como policía. Discusión: Se han publicado muy pocos casos de neuralgia amiotrófica después de la vacunación contra el SARS-CoV-2. El diagnóstico diferencial incluye diversos trastornos musculoesqueléticos y neurológicos comunes, que pueden despistar al profesional y retrasar la identificación de esta entidad, especialmente en el contexto de campañas de vacunación masivas con gran volumen de reacciones adversas. La analgesia convencional a menudo es insuficiente para abordar los problemas de estos pacientes, por lo que se debe prever la necesidad de programar técnicas invasivas. Dada la rareza de la afección y su impacto en la vida personal y profesional del paciente, se destaca la importancia de un diagnóstico precoz y una comunicación fluida. Finalmente, se subraya el valor de la declaración de reacciones adversas como un signo de profesionalidad y un activo para establecer una relación médico-paciente constructiva.(AU)

Introduction: neuralgic amyotrophy is an inflammatory disorder of the brachial plexus with a poorly understood pathophysiology, possibly related to immunological phenomena. It is characterized by acute and intense pain, accompanied by muscle weakness and altered results in electromyographic and nerve conduction studies. Having no specific treatment, it is approached through physiotherapy and symptomatic control. Case history: we present the case of a 37-year-old woman, with no relevant history, who developed the condition after being vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. The patient responded discreetly to physical therapy, conventional analgesia and corticosteroids. After 10 months of treatment, the decision was made to use pulsed radiofrequency and ultrasound-guided plexus block of the plexus, which achieved better results. A year after the onset of pain, the patient’s symptoms had improved, although she had not been able to return to her professional activity as a policewoman. Discussion: very few cases of neuralgic amyotrophy have been reported after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. The differential diagnosis includes many common muskuloskeletal and neurologic disorders, which can mislead professionals and delay identification of the disease, especially in the context of massive vaccination campaigns. Conventional analgesia is often insufficient to address these patients’ complaints; thus, scheduled invasive techniques need to be considered. Given the rarity of the condition and its impact on the personal and professional life of the patient, we highlight the importance of an early diagnosis and smooth communication with the patient. Finally, we stress the value of declaring adverse reactions as a sign of professionalism and an asset in establishing a constructive doctor-patient relationship.(AU)

Cefalea persistente tras craneotomía por meningioma en cavum de Meckel: abordaje de las aferencias nociceptivas de principio a fin / Persistent headache after craniotomy for meningioma: charting of the afferent pathways for nociception: a discussion

La mayoría de las lesiones ocupantes de espacios intracraneales requieren una resolución quirúrgica a través de la exéresis de la misma. Esta intervención podría derivar en secuelas importantes como dolor, ya sea por la cicatriz o por la persistencia de residuos de la lesión, entre otros. La neuralgia del trigémino es una afección que genera gran limitación en la calidad de vida de los pacientes que la padecen. Con el estudio de esta patología ha quedado claro que comprender la convergencia trigéminocervical es fundamental para abordar de forma exitosa un plan terapéutico óptimo. Teniendo un conocimiento claro y exhaustivo de los sustratos neuroanatómicos implicados en la transmisión del dolor de la neuralgia del trigémino, exponemos un caso clínico valorado en nuestra Unidad de Dolor. Se trata de una paciente con cefalea trigeminal incapacitante para la vida diaria y resistente a múltiples opciones terapéuticas que, además, limitaba las alternativas para su control debido a la persistencia de restos tumorales a pesar del intento de resección completa durante la intervención quirúrgica. En este caso clínico, hemos considerado diversas dianas terapéuticas abordables a través de técnicas intervencionistas que cada día son más empleadas en las Unidades de Dolor. Teniendo en cuenta la vía del dolor comprometida en este caso, hemos llegado incluso hasta abordar quirúrgicamente estructuras anatómicas centrales responsables del control del dolor para mejorar la calidad de vida de la paciente.(AU)

Most intracranial space-occupying lesions require surgical resolution through excision. This intervention could lead to significant sequelae such as pain, either due to the scar or the persistence of residue from the injury, among others. Trigeminal neuralgia is a condition that generates great limitations in the quality of life of patients who suffer from it. With the study of this pathology, it has become clear that understanding the trigeminal-cervical convergence is essential to successfully approach an optimal therapeutic plan. Having a clear and exhaustive knowledge of the neuroanatomical substrates involved in the transmission of pain from trigeminal neuralgia, we present a clinical case evaluated in our Pain Unit. This is a patient with trigeminal headache that is disabling for daily life and resistant to multiple therapeutic options that, in addition, limited the alternatives for its control due to the persistence of tumor remnants despite the attempt at complete resection during surgery. In this clinical case, we have considered various therapeutic targets that can be addressed through interventional techniques that are increasingly used in Pain Units. Taking into account the pain pathway compromised in this case, we have even gone so far as to surgically address central anatomical structures responsible for pain control to improve the patient’s quality of life.(AU)

Pain-driven emergency department visits and food insecurity: a cross-sectional study linking Canadian survey and health administrative data.

BACKGROUND: As the leading cause of emergency department visits in Canada, pain disproportionately affects socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. We examine the association between household food insecurity and individuals' pain-driven emergency department visits. METHODS: We designed a cross-sectional study linking the Canadian Community Health Survey 2005-2017 to the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System 2003-2017. Food insecurity was measured using a validated questionnaire. We excluded individuals with missing food insecurity status, individuals younger than 12 years and jurisdiction-years with partial emergency department records. We assessed emergency department visits driven by pain at different sites (migraine, other headaches, chest-throat pain, abdomen-pelvis pain, dorsalgia, joint pain, limb pain, other pain) and their characteristics (frequency, cause, acuity and time of emergency department visit) in Ontario and Alberta. We adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle and prior non-pain-driven emergency department visits in the models. RESULTS: The sample contained 212 300 individuals aged 12 years and older. Compared with food-secure individuals, marginally, moderately and severely food-insecure people had 1.42 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-1.68), 1.64 (95% CI 1.37-1.96) and 1.99 (95% CI 1.61-2.46) times higher adjusted incidence rates of pain-driven emergency department visits, respectively. The association was similar across sexes and significant among adults but not adolescents. Food insecurity was further associated with site-specific pain, with severely food-insecure individuals having significantly higher pain incidence than food-secure individuals. Severe food insecurity predicted more frequent, multicause, high-acuity and after-hours emergency department visits. INTERPRETATION: Household food insecurity status is significantly associated with pain-driven emergency department visits in the Canadian population. Policies targeting food insecurity may reduce pain and emergency department utilization.

Antinociceptive effect of N-(9,13b-dihydro-1H-dibenzo[c, f]imidazo[1,5-a]azepin-3-yl)-2-hydroxybenzamide on different pain models in mice

Abstract N-(9,13b-dihydro-1H-dibenzo[c,f]imidazo[1,5-a]azepin-3-yl)-2-hydroxybenzamide (DDIAHB) is a new drug developed through molecular modelling and rational drug design by the molecular association of epinastine and salicylic acid. The present study was designed to assess the possible antinociceptive effects of DDIAHB on different pain models in male ICR mice. DDIAHB exerted the reductions of writhing numbers and pain behavior observed during the second phase in the formalin test in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, DDIAHB increased the latency in the hot-plate test in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, intragastric administration DDIAHB caused reversals of decreased pain threshold observed in both streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy and vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy models. Additionally, intragastric pretreatment with DDIAHB also caused reversal of decreased pain threshold observed in monosodium urate-induced pain model. We also characterized the possible signaling molecular mechanism of the antinociceptive effect-induced by DDIAHB in the formalin model. DDIAHB caused reductions of spinal iNOS, p-STAT3, p-ERK and p-P38 levels induced by formalin injection. Our results suggest that DDIAHB shows an antinociceptive property in various pain models. Moreover, the antinociceptive effect of DDIAHB appear to be mediated by the reductions of the expression of iNOS, p-STAT3, p-ERK and p-P38 levels in the spinal cord in the formalin-induced pain model.

Alleviation of neuropathic pain by trazodone in rats

Abstract Neuropathic pain is generally characterised by an abnormal sensation (dysesthesia), an increased response to painful stimuli (hyperalgesia), and pain in response to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain (allodynia). The present study was designed to investigate the effect of trazodone (5mg/kg and 10mg/kg) on peripheral neuropathic pain induced by partial sciatic nerve ligation in rats. Mechanical hyperalgesia, cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed by performing the pinprick, acetone, and hot plate tests, respectively. Biochemically, lipid peroxidation level and total calcium levels were measured. However, trazodone administration (5 and 10 mg/ kg i.p.) for 21days significantly diminished partial sciatic nerve ligation-induced neuropathic pain along with areduction in oxidative stress and calcium levels. The results of the present study suggest that trazodone is effective in attenuating partial sciatic nerve ligation-inducedpainful neuropathic states, which may be attributed to decreased oxidative stress and calcium levels.

The Relationship Between Neuroprotective Activity and Antigenotoxic and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Effects of Glaucium corniculatum Extracts

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory and antigenotoxic effect with the neuroprotective activity of Glaucium corniculatum methanol and water extracts rich in rutin and quercetin flavonoids. Neuroprotective activity in terms of cell survival and development against oxidative damage was measured by MTT assay and microscopic analysis in H2O2-induced NGF-differentiated PC12 (dPC12) cells. QRT-PCR and western blot hybridization method was employed for the determination of AChE inhibition of the extracts in the same cell model, and the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects were identified with Comet assay with human lymphocytes. H2O2-induced vitality loss in dPC12 cells was inhibited in pre-treated cells with these plant extracts. Moreover, extracts stimulated neurite formation and prevented the oxidative stress-induced reduction in neurite growth. In general, it was determined that G. corniculatum methanol extract containing higher amounts of rutin and quercetin was more effective than water extract in terms of AChE inhibitory, antigenotoxic and also neuroprotective effect. In this study, it was shown for the first time that both AChE inhibitory and antigenotoxic effects of G. corniculatum may be effective in neuroprotection and it's protective and therapeutic effects against neurodegeneration may be related to the flavonoid content.

Estudio descriptivo sobre el perfil de los pacientes derivados a la Unidad de Tratamiento del Dolor Crónico del Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín (utdc-hugcdn) como base para la reorganización de esta / Descriptive study on the profile of patients sent to the Chronic Pain Treatment Unit of the University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín (utdc-hugcdn) as a basis for the reorganization of this

Objetivo: Conocer las necesidades y fortalezas de nuestra Unidad derivadas del conocimiento del perfil de paciente que es remitido para la atención en la misma. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal sobre 5000 pacientes derivados a nuestra Unidad entre 2017 y 2020. Se recogieron de forma anónima los siguientes datos: número de pacientes remitidos por mes, edad, sexo, servicio remisor, localización del dolor, pacientes/interconsultas preferentes, rechazados y atendidos previamente. De los 1000 primeros pacientes también se registraron los antecedentes quirúrgicos, existencia o no de obesidad y consumo de fármacos psicoactivos. Resultados: Son derivados para valoración unos 1560 pacientes de media anuales (130 al mes), con una edad media de 59,8 años (± 14,3) de los cuales el 62,6 % son mujeres. Un 62,08 % se encontraba en edad laboral. Los servicios asistenciales que remitieron más pacientes fueron: Traumatología, Neurocirugía, Unidad de Raquis y Rehabilitación. El 6,6 % de las derivaciones fueron calificadas como preferentes. Fueron rechazadas el 9,98 % de las interconsultas. Los tipos de dolores según su localización más frecuentes fueron: lumbalgia, cervicalgia y dolores generalizados. Se constató la toma habitual de ansiolíticos y/o antidepresivos en un 34,9 %, el 10,8 % eran obesos y el 10,3 % sufrían dolor crónico postquirúrgico. Conclusiones: El perfil del paciente predominante derivado a nuestra unidad suele ser el de un adulto mayor, en edad laboral, de género femenino, derivado desde el servicio de Traumatología y con dolor en la región lumbar, perfil muy similar al descrito en otras unidades del dolor del mundo occidental desarrollado. Más de 1 de cada 3 pacientes puede sufrir ansiedad y/o depresión, siendo también muy frecuente el dolor postquirúrgico y la obesidad.(AU)

Objective: Determine the shortcomings and strengths of our pain clinic derived from the knowledge of the profile of the patients who are referred for care in the clinic. Patients and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study on 5000 patients referred to our pain clinic between 2017 y 2020. The following data were collected: number of patients referred per month, age, sex, referring service, location of pain, patients referred preferentially, rejected patients, and previously attended consultations. Data on surgical history, obesity, and use of psychoactive drugs were also recorded for the first 1000 patients. Results: An average of 1560 patients were referred for evaluation per year (130 per month), with a mean age of 59.8 years (± 14.3) of which 62.6 % are women and 62.08 % were of working age. The healthcare services that referred the most patients were Orthopedic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine Unit and Rehabilitation. 6.6 % of the requests were derived preferentially. Of the referrals, 9.98 % were rejected. The most frequent pain locations were low back pain, neck pain and generalized pain. In the The usual taking of anxiolytics and / or antidepressants was found in 34.9 %, 10.8 % were diagnosed as obese and 10.3 % were referred for chronic postoperative pain. Conclusions: The profile of the predominant patient referred to our pain clinic is an older adult, of working age, female, referred from the orthopedics department and with pain in the lumbar region. This described profile is very similar to other pain units in the developed western world. Almost one in 3 patients may suffer from anxiety and / or depression, and post-surgical pain and obesity are also very common.(AU)

Chronic pain: an update on burden, best practices, and new advances.

Chronic pain exerts an enormous personal and economic burden, affecting more than 30% of people worldwide according to some studies. Unlike acute pain, which carries survival value, chronic pain might be best considered to be a disease, with treatment (eg, to be active despite the pain) and psychological (eg, pain acceptance and optimism as goals) implications. Pain can be categorised as nociceptive (from tissue injury), neuropathic (from nerve injury), or nociplastic (from a sensitised nervous system), all of which affect work-up and treatment decisions at every level; however, in practice there is considerable overlap in the different types of pain mechanisms within and between patients, so many experts consider pain classification as a continuum. The biopsychosocial model of pain presents physical symptoms as the denouement of a dynamic interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors. Although it is widely known that pain can cause psychological distress and sleep problems, many medical practitioners do not realise that these associations are bidirectional. While predisposing factors and consequences of chronic pain are well known, the flipside is that factors promoting resilience, such as emotional support systems and good health, can promote healing and reduce pain chronification. Quality of life indicators and neuroplastic changes might also be reversible with adequate pain management. Clinical trials and guidelines typically recommend a personalised multimodal, interdisciplinary treatment approach, which might include pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, integrative treatments, and invasive procedures.

Valoración de dolor al paciente en la unidad de terapia de adultos / Pain assessment for the patient in the adult therapy unit

La mirada histórica retrospectiva del dolor nos posiciona frente a su coexistencia con la humanidad. Cada cultura tuvo su peculiar manera de afrontarlo, darle significado y tomar sus medidas de alivio. La ciencia, desde su lugar, ha desarrollado conceptos explicando razones y orígenes de su presencia. Las ciencias médicas en su anhelo de aliviar las dolencias de las personas, elaboraron escalas de evaluación del dolor. En las terapias intensivas, donde el estado de conciencia del paciente varía acorde a la necesidad que se produce a fin de resolver su patología o el motivo de ingreso a este servicio, resulta necesario valorar su estado neurológico para poder así determinar con precisión la escala de evaluación del dolor que aporte el resultado más oportuna según el momento preciso. Debido a los cuidados que lleva a cabo el profesional de enfermería con los internados, es quien permanece mayor tiempo con ellos; pudiendo cultivar una relación interpersonal más profunda, y debido a lo cual, no sólo colaborar en el alivio del dolor, sino también, si fuera necesario, ayudar a que encuentre el sentido a éste, en palabras de Travelbee. Para poder implementar dicha idea, el objetivo del presente protocolo, se define el siguiente objetivo: «Tomar acuerdo e implementar el uso adecuado y continuo de las escalas del dolor, en el paciente de terapia intensiva de adultos, de acuerdo a su grado de conciencia, a fin de reducir el dolor durante su estadía de internación[AU]

The retrospective historical view of pain positions us in front of its coexistence with humanity. Each culture had its own way of dealing with it, giving it meaning, and taking its relief measures. Science, from its place, has developed concepts explaining reasons and origins of its presence. The medical sciences in their desire to alleviate people's ailments, developed pain assessment scales. In intensive therapies, where the patient's state of consciousness varies according to the need that occurs in order to resolve their pathology or the reason for admission to this service, it is necessary to assess their neurological status in order to accurately determine the scale of pain assessment that provides the most timely result according to the precise moment. Due to the care carried out by the nursing professional with the internees, it is he who stays with them the longest; being able to cultivate a deeper interpersonal relationship, and due to which, not only collaborate in the relief of pain, but also, if necessary, help it find meaning to it, in the words of Travelbee. In order to implement this idea, the objective of this protocol, the following objective is defined: "Agree and implement the adequate and continuous use of pain scales, in the adult intensive care patient[AU]

A visão histórica retrospectiva da dor nos posiciona diante de sua convivência com a humanidade. Cada cultura tinha sua própria maneira de lidar com isso, dando-lhe sentido e tomando suas medidas de alívio. A ciência, a partir de seu lugar, desenvolveu conceitos que explicam as razões e as origens de sua presença. As ciências médicas, em seu desejo de aliviar as doenças das pessoas, desenvolveram escalas de avaliação da dor. Nas terapias intensivas, onde o estado de consciência do paciente varia de acordo com a necessidade que ocorre para a resolução de sua patologia ou o motivo da admissão neste serviço, é necessário avaliar seu estado neurológico para determinar com precisão a escala de avaliação da dor que fornece o resultado mais oportuno de acordo com o momento preciso. Devido aos cuidados realizados pelo profissional de enfermagem com os internos, é ele quem fica com eles por mais tempo; ser capaz de cultivar um relacionamento interpessoal mais profundo, e por isso, não só colaborar no alívio da dor, mas também, se necessário, ajudá-la a encontrar sentido para ela, nas palavras de Travelbee. Para concretizar essa ideia, objetivo deste protocolo, é definido o seguinte objetivo: "Acordar e implementar o uso adequado e contínuo de escalas de dor, no paciente adulto em terapia intensiva, de acordo com seu grau de consciência, a fim de reduzir dor durante a sua internação[AU]

Estudio observacional y prospectivo sobre la eficacia y seguridad de la estimulación del ganglio de la raíz dorsal en pacientes con dolor neuropático refractario / Observational and prospective study on the effectiveness and safety of the dorsal root ganglion stimulation in patients with refractory neuropathic pain

Introducción: La estimulación del ganglio de la raíz dorsal forma parte del manejo terapéutico del dolor neuropático refractario en aquellos casos donde el tratamiento médico, intervencionista o la estimulación central no han podido dar solución al mismo. Metodología: Se presentan los resultados de un estudio observacional, prospectivo, en 10 pacientes a los que les ha sido implantado el sistema de estimulación del ganglio de la raíz dorsal (EGRD), según la práctica clínica habitual, para el alivio de dolores neuropáticos refractarios al tratamiento médico e intervencionista. Los objetivos principales del estudio fueron la valoración en los cambios de la intensidad del dolor, en la funcionalidad y en los niveles de ansiedad y depresión. El tiempo de seguimiento fue de 6 meses tras el implante del generador. Resultados: 8 pacientes superaron la fase de prueba al constatarse una disminución de la intensidad del dolor superior al 50 %: 5 de estos sufrían dolores secundarios a lesión nerviosa periférica traumática o postquirúrgica, los otros 3 padecían dolores neuropáticos de otros orígenes. Se constató una disminución de la intensidad del dolor del 63 % en la EVA, mejoría general subjetiva del 70 %, disminución de la toma de analgésicos, mejoría funcional en la escala Oswestry, así como en los niveles de ansiedad y depresión (Escala HAD). Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron en los pacientes en los que se les implantó un electrodo en el ganglio de la raíz dorsal L5 para el tratamiento de dolores en miembros inferiores y con sensación de alodinia. No se objetivaron cambios en la estimulación en relación con la postura y sí gran concordancia entre el área de parestesia y del dolor. Las complicaciones fueron escasas y en ningún caso graves. Conclusión: Se trata de una técnica eficaz, segura y que probablemente tendrá un gran futuro dentro del campo de la neuroestimulación para los dolores neuropáticos refractarios.(AU)

Background: The Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation is a part from the treatment of the refractory neuropathic pain to a medical treatment, interventionism or central neurostimulation which have not work. Methods: This observational, prospective study show the results of 10 patients who has been implanted a Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation (DRGS) system following the clinical practice. All the patients suffer from refractory neuropathic pain to a medical and interventionism treatment. Eight of these patients passed the test phase due to an improvement of 50 %, 5 cases were patients who suffer from a traumatic or postsurgical peripheral nerve injury. The main objectives of the study were the assessment of changes in pain intensity, functionality and levels of anxiety and depression. The follow-up time was 6 months after the implantation of the generator. Results: Eight patients passed the test phase when a decrease in pain intensity was found to be greater than 50 %, 5 of these suffered pains secondary to traumatic or postsurgical peripheral nerve injury, the other three suffered neuropathic pains of other origins. We found a 63 % decrease in pain intensity in the VAS, a 70 % subjective general improvement, a clear decrease in analgesia, a functional improvement on the Oswestry scale, and an improvement in anxiety and depression levels (HAD scale). The best results were obtained in patients with electrode implanted at L5 root for the treatment of pain in the foot or ankle and allodynia. We found an absence of changes in stimulation in relation to posture and an area of stimulation similar with the area of pain. The complications were few and not severe. Conclusion: To conclude, this technique is an effective, safe and it will probably have a great future in the field of neurostimulation for refractory neuropathic pain.(AU)